from the publishers of: Verywell, Real Simple, EatingWell, Shape, Parents, Health and Allrecipes
Heart disease is the No. 1 killer of both men and women in the United States, and more than 610,000 Americans die of it annually; that’s 1 in every 4 deaths. If you know even just a little bit about heart health, then the key risk factors aren’t all that surprising. They include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, having overweight or obesity, and a lack of exercise. But it turns out there may be more risk factors than you realize—many that aren’t so obvious. Here are 15 weird things that may affect your heart disease risk.
Preliminary research presented at the 2018 annual conference of the European Society of Cardiology found people who have more deep lines across their foreheads than what’s typical for their age might be more likely to die from heart disease.
“You can’t see or feel risk factors like high cholesterol or hypertension,” study author Yolande Esquirol, an associate professor of occupational health at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse in France, said in a statement. “We explored forehead wrinkles as a marker because it’s so simple and visual. Just looking at a person’s face could sound an alarm, then we could give advice to lower risk.”
A study published in 2017 in the journal Frontiers in Physiology found that people living at high altitudes (between 457 and 2,297 meters) had a lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome—a cluster of heart-disease risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity—than those who lived at sea level.
There’s less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, which may help the heart and lungs function more efficiently, the authors speculate. The possible connection is “interesting,” says Mary Ann Bauman, M.D., a spokesperson for the American Heart Association’s Go Red For Women movement (who was not involved in any of the studies noted here), “but requires more study to determine if there is a true association.”
Women who get pregnant more than once have an increased risk of later developing atrial fibrillation, also known as a-fib, according to a study in the journal Circulation. A-fib is a quivering or irregular heartbeat that can lead to blood clots, stroke and other complications. In the study, women with four or more pregnancies were 30% to 50% more likely to develop a-fib compared to women who had never been pregnant.
The study authors say they don’t want to discourage women from having children, only that more research is needed to understand the connection. “We know that during pregnancy the heart gets larger, there are hormonal changes, the immune system is revved up,” says Bauman. “So maybe these same sorts of changes can also contribute to heart disease.”
Another study in Circulation also found a link between heart disease and childbirth: Women who’d delivered a premature baby (before 37 weeks gestation) had a 40% greater risk of later developing cardiovascular disease, compared to those who’d had full-term pregnancies. Those who’d had a very early delivery, before 32 weeks, had double the risk of those who’d gone full-term.
Premature delivery isn’t a cause of heart disease, say the authors, but it is an important predictive factor. In fact, it may be a useful tool to identify young women at high risk for heart problems later in life.
Electronic cigarettes are somewhat safer than the real thing, but they’re far from harmless. An editorial in JAMA notes that e-cigarettes still contain chemicals such as formaldehyde and acetone, which can affect blood pressure regulation, promote blood clots and accelerate the formation of plaque in the arteries.
E-cigarettes aren’t well regulated, says Bauman, so it’s not easy to know what other toxins they might be hiding. Plus, they contain nicotine. “Nicotine is a stimulant,” she says, “so we know it can increase heart rate and blood pressure.”
How good you feel about your body may affect your ability to take care of your heart. In a study in the journal Obesity, overweight women who had higher levels of “weight-bias internalization”—meaning they applied negative stereotypes about obesity to themselves—were more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those with low levels.
The results show that shaming people into getting healthy simply doesn’t work, say the researchers—and it may actually hurt them physically, not just emotionally. Instead of buying into the stigma, they say, challenge it by building confidence and working toward achievable goals.
In a study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, people with more heart disease risk factors—including high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes—were also more likely to suffer from shoulder pain or rotator cuff injuries.
Researchers aren’t sure why this association exists, but they say that treating high blood pressure and other risk factors might also help relieve shoulder discomfort. Earlier studies have also found that people who suffer from carpal tunnel syndrome, Achilles tendonitis and tennis elbow also have an increased risk of heart disease.
The more years of school people had completed, the less likely they were to have a heart attack in an Australian study published in the International Journal for Equity in Health. Adults with no educational qualification had more than double the risk of heart attack, compared to those with a college degree.
Getting a good education can impact heart health by influencing where people live, what type of jobs they get, how much money they make and what food and lifestyle choices they make, the study authors say.
Having a more active amygdala—the area of the brain triggered during stressful situations—is linked to a higher risk of heart disease and stroke, according to a study published in The Lancet. Researchers believe that, when activated, this brain region also triggers inflammation in the arteries.
Experts have long suspected that stress can raise the risk of cardiovascular disease, says Bauman. “We don’t have a direct link yet, but we do know that chronic stress increases the release of epinephrine, or adrenaline, in your system, and we know that can lead to hypertension,” she says.
In summary, eating well, staying active, not smoking and watching your weight are still the big factors you should focus on to reduce your heart-disease risk, says Bauman. “But certainly an overall pattern of moderation—and attention to the mind-body connection, which involves stress-related issues—is, overall, the best way to protect your heart,” she adds.
Here’s another reason to get your annual flu shot: It may protect your heart too. A study published in 2018 in the New England Journal of Medicine found the risk of heart attack is six times greater in the week after being infected with the influenza virus than in the year before or after.
Little revs up your body’s immune response quite like the flu, explains Alfred Casale, M.D., chair of the Geisinger Heart Institute in Danville, Pennsylvania. “All the body’s defense mechanisms, all of its inflammatory soldiers, get called into service to destroy the virus,” he says. But that process also leads to heart and blood vessel inflammation. The flu shot may protect you because it “decreases the overall inflammatory effect on the heart,” he says.
Women who receive chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer could be at greater risk for heart disease, even years after treatment, the American Heart Association warned in February 2018. The group’s cautionary message, published in the journal Circulation, finds that breast cancer survivors, especially women 65 and older, are more likely to die from heart disease than breast cancer.
“We still want to treat the breast cancer, but there are consequences of the therapy that may be long term,” says William Frishman, M.D., a professor of medicine at New York Medical College and director of medicine at Westchester Medical Center. It’s important for women to be aware of the risks to their heart and ask questions about their treatment options, he adds.
When Mother Nature leaves a trail of devastation in her wake, hearts may suffer too. In one study, heart attack-related hospital admissions to Tulane Medical Center rose threefold in the decade after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans compared with the two-year period before the epic 2005 storm. Another study revealed a sharp increase in heart attacks, strokes and other heart woes in the weeks following Japan’s magnitude 9 earthquake in 2011.
While it’s too early to quantify Hurricane Maria’s toll on the people of Puerto Rico, anecdotal reports suggest the official death count includes folks who died from heart attacks in the aftermath of the 2017 disaster.
“It may be related to the underlying stress that people are under,” explains Frishman. And, if you already have heart disease, you may be at even greater risk during and after such events, he adds.
Heart attack deaths spike during the period between Christmas and New Year’s—and not because of cold and flu season. A study out of New Zealand, where it’s warm during the holidays, revealed a 4% increase in the rate of heart-related fatalities during the holidays compared with other times of the year.
Lots of holiday-related factors can put excess strain on the heart, whether that’s consuming too many sweets and too much alcohol, dealing with stressful family members, or delaying medical care while traveling. Of course, most people cope with the harried holiday season just fine, Frishman notes, “but it still puts you at a greater risk if you’re chronically stressed.”
While there’s little harm in occasionally streaming back-to-back episodes of your favorite show, if you develop a lifestyle of sitting for hours at a stretch, you could be setting yourself up for heart trouble. The American Heart Association recognizes prolonged sedentary time as an independent risk factor for heart attack and stroke.
“Inactivity is generally bad for you,” explains Casale. “It predisposes you to blood clots.” Plus, while you’re bingeing, you might end up snacking on junk food or drinking too much alcohol. Add those risks to existing concerns like genetics or obesity and “you’re starting to tip the scales against you,” he says.
Major snowstorms are a mess and, it turns out, a health menace. One study found hospital admissions for heart attacks, chest pain and stroke fell on the day of a storm but spiked two days later. The exact cause isn’t clear, but the authors say one factor may be the strain of snow shoveling.
We don’t acknowledge how much physical exertion is involved in the snow-clearing process, Casale explains. Take your time, he suggests, or consider “paying the kid next door 10 bucks to do it.”